Showing posts with label futureoftech. Show all posts
Showing posts with label futureoftech. Show all posts

Wednesday, October 21, 2026

From GPT-4o To Gemini The AI Assistants are Getting Better Fast

David Pierce / The Verge

Hi, friends! Welcome to Installer No. 38, your guide to the best and Verge-iest stuff in the world. (If you’re new here, welcome, so psyched you found us, and you can also read all the old editions at the Installer homepage.) This week, I’ve been writing about iPads and the future of Google, watching American Fiction and Bodkin, rewatching Her because of reasons, endlessly replaying the songs of Windows95man, learning how to make better sandwiches, testing Claude for AI stuff, and listening to the new-old Childish Gambino album…..Story continues…

By: David Pierce

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Critics:

Originally, multiple versions of GPT-4o were secretly launched under different names on Large Model Systems Organization’s (LMSYS) Chatbot Arena as three different models. These three models were called gpt2-chatbot, im-a-good-gpt2-chatbot, and im-also-a-good-gpt2-chatbot. On 7 May 2024, Sam Altman tweeted “im-a-good-gpt2-chatbot”, which was commonly interpreted as a confirmation that these were new OpenAI models being A/B tested.

GPT-4o achieved state-of-the-art results in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation. GPT-4o scored 88.7 on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark compared to 86.5 by GPT-4. Unlike GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, which rely on other models to process sound, GPT-4o natively supports voice-to-voice. Sam Altman noted on 15 May 2024 that GPT-4o’s voice-to-voice capabilities were not yet integrated into ChatGPT, and that the old version was still being used.

GPT-4o has knowledge up to October 2023, but can access the Internet if up-to-date information is needed. It has a context length of 128k tokens with output token limit capped to 4,096, and after a later update (gpt-4o-2024-08-06) to 16,384. As of May 2024, it is the leading model in the LMSYS Elo Arena Benchmarks by the University of California, Berkeley.

In August 2024, OpenAI introduced a new feature allowing corporate customers to customize GPT-4o, their most advanced AI model, using proprietary company data. This customization, known as fine-tuning, enables businesses to adapt GPT-4o to specific tasks or industries, enhancing its utility in areas like customer service and specialized knowledge domains. Previously, fine-tuning was available only on the less powerful model GPT-4o mini.

The fine-tuning process requires customers to upload their data to OpenAI’s servers, with the training typically taking one to two hours. Initially, the customization will be limited to text-based data. OpenAI’s focus with this rollout is to reduce the complexity and effort required for businesses to tailor AI solutions to their needs, potentially increasing the adoption and effectiveness of AI in corporate environments.

On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released a smaller and cheaper version, GPT-4o mini. According to OpenAI, its low cost is expected to be particularly useful for companies, startups and developers that seek to integrate it into their services, which often make a high amount of API calls. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.6 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o.

It is also significantly more capable and 60% cheaper than GPT-3.5 Turbo, which it replaced on the ChatGPT interface. The price after fine-tuning doubles: $0.3 per million input tokens and $1.2 per million output tokens. GPT-4o mini is the default model for users not logged in and use ChatGPT as guests and for those who have hit the limit for GPT-4o. GPT-4o mini will become available in fall 2024 on Apple’s mobile devices and Mac desktops, through the Apple Intelligence feature.

On May 20, 2024, OpenAI disabled the Sky voice, issuing a statement saying “We’ve heard questions about how we chose the voices in ChatGPT, espe cially Sky. We are working to pause the use of Sky while we address them.”Scarlett Johansson starred in the sci-fi movie Her in 2013, playing the role of Samantha, an artificially intelligent virtual assistant personified through a female voice. As part of the promotion leading up to the release of GPT-4o, Sam Altman on May 13 tweeted a single word: “her”.

OpenAI claimed that each voice was based on the voice work of a hired actor. Specifically, OpenAI claimed “Sky’s voice is not an imitation of Scarlett Johansson but belongs to a different professional actress using her own natural speaking voice.” Already in September 2023, OpenAI had claimed their upcoming new talking version of its ChatGPT assistant that sounded like Scarlett Johansson “wasn’t meant to resemble” the actress.

In the statement, Johansson also used the incident to draw attention to the lack of legal safeguards around the use of creative work to power leading AI tools, as her legal counsel demanded OpenAI detail the specifics of how the Sky voice was created. Observers noted similarities to how Johansson had previously sued and settled with The Walt Disney Company for breach of contract over the direct-to-streaming rollout of her Marvel film Black Widow, a settlement widely speculated to have netted her around $40M.

Also on May 21, Shira Ovide at The Washington Post shared her list of “most bone-headed self-owns” by technology companies, with the decision to go ahead with a Johansson sound-alike voice despite her opposition and then denying the similarities ranking 6th. On May 24, Derek Robertson at Politico wrote about the “massive backlash”, concluding that “appropriating the voice of one of the world’s most famous movie stars — in reference […] to a film that serves as a cautionary tale about over-reliance on AI — is unlikely to help shift the public back into [Sam Altman’s] corner anytime soon.

Rider 2024.1: New Monitoring Tool Window, Collection Vizualizer, .NET Aspire, AI Assistant Plugin InfoQ 23:24 Sat, 18 May 
AI Is My Meal Planner, Editor, Assistant and More as a Working Mom — Here’s How You Can Use AI to Conquer Multitasking, Too. Entrepreneur Magazine 20:02 Fri, 17 May 
Check out Project Astra, Google’s AI assistant of the future Quartz 19:41 Thu, 16 May 

Will new AI tools create a better Siri or voice assistant? ComputerWorld (Video) 18:37 Thu, 16 May

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AIAssistants ,ArtificialIntelligence ,TechInnovation ,SmartTechnology ,DigitalHelpers ,MachineLearning ,FutureOfTech ,AIRevolution ,VirtualAssistants ,IntelligentAutomation ,CognitiveComputing ,InnovationInTech ,#AIApplications,AutomationTools ,DigitalTransformation ,SmartAssistance,TechTrends ,AIForBusiness ,NextGenTech

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Sunday, September 13, 2026

Johns Hopkins Breakthrough Could Make Microchips Smaller Than Ever

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Johns Hopkins researchers have discovered new materials and a new process that could advance the ever-escalating quest to make smaller, faster and affordable microchips used across modern electronics in everything from cellphones to cars, appliances to airplanes. The team of scientists has discovered how to create circuits that are so small they’re invisible to the naked eye using a process that is both precise and economical for manufacturing.”Companies have their roadmaps of where they want to be in 10 to 20 years and beyond,” said Michael Tsapatsis, a Bloomberg Distinguish Professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Johns Hopkins University….…..Continue reading….

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By:  Johns Hopkins University

Source: ScienceDaily

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Critics:

Graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor, because its conduction and valence bands meet at the Dirac points. The Dirac points are six locations in momentum space, on the edge of the Brillouin zone, divided into two non-equivalent sets of three points. The two sets are labeled K and K’. The sets give graphene a valley degeneracy of gv = 2. By contrast, for traditional semiconductors the primary point of interest is generally Γ, where momentum is zero.

Four electronic properties separate it from other condensed matter systems. However, if the in-plane direction is no longer infinite, but confined, its electronic structure would change. They are referred to as graphene nanoribbons. If it is “zig-zag”, the bandgap would still be zero. If it is “armchair”, the bandgap would be non-zero. Graphene’s hexagonal lattice can be regarded as two interleaving triangular lattices.

This perspective was successfully used to calculate the band structure for a single graphite layer using a tight-binding approximation. The cleavage technique led directly to the first observation of the anomalous quantum Hall effect in graphene in 2005, by Geim’s group and by Philip Kim and Yuanbo Zhang. This effect provided direct evidence of graphene’s theoretically predicted Berry’s phase of massless Dirac fermions and the first proof of the Dirac fermion nature of electrons.

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These effects had been observed in bulk graphite by Yakov Kopelevich, Igor A. Luk’yanchuk, and others, in 2003–2004. When the atoms are placed onto the graphene hexagonal lattice, the overlap between the pz(π) orbitals and the s or the px and py orbitals is zero by symmetry. The pz electrons forming the π bands in graphene can therefore be treated independently.

Within this π-band approximation, using a conventional tight-binding model, the dispersion relation (restricted to first-nearest-neighbor interactions only) that produces energy of the electrons with wave vector k iswith the nearest-neighbor (π orbitals) hopping energy γ0 ≈ 2.8 eV and the lattice constant a ≈ 2.46 Å. The conduction and valence bands, respectively, correspond to the different signs.

With one pz electron per atom in this model the valence band is fully occupied, while the conduction band is vacant. The two bands touch at the zone corners (the K point in the Brillouin zone), where there is a zero density of states but no band gap. The graphene sheet thus displays a semimetallic (or zero-gap semiconductor) character, although the same cannot be said of a graphene sheet rolled into a carbon nanotube, due to its curvature.

Two of the six Dirac points are independent, while the rest are equivalent by symmetry. In the vicinity of the K-points the energy depends linearly on the wave vector, similar to a relativistic particle. Since an elementary cell of the lattice has a basis of two atoms, the wave function has an effective 2-spinor structure. Graphene’s unit cell has two identical carbon atoms and two zero-energy states: one in which the electron resides on atom A, the other in which the electron resides on atom B.

However, if the two atoms in the unit cell are not identical, the situation changes. Hunt et al. show that placing hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) in contact with graphene can alter the potential felt at atom A versus atom B enough that the electrons develop a mass and accompanying band gap of about 30 meV [0.03 Electron Volt(eV)].

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The mass can be positive or negative. An arrangement that slightly raises the energy of an electron on atom A relative to atom B gives it a positive mass, while an arrangement that raises the energy of atom B produces a negative electron mass. The two versions behave alike and are indistinguishable via optical spectroscopy. An electron traveling from a positive-mass region to a negative-mass region must cross an intermediate region where its mass once again becomes zero.

This region is gapless and therefore metallic. Metallic modes bounding semiconducting regions of opposite-sign mass is a hallmark of a topological phase and display much the same physics as topological insulators. If the mass in graphene can be controlled, electrons can be confined to massless regions by surrounding them with massive regions, allowing the patterning of quantum dots, wires, and other mesoscopic structures.

It also produces one-dimensional conductors along the boundary. These wires would be protected against backscattering and could carry currents without dissipation. Graphene’s unique optical properties produce an unexpectedly high opacity for an atomic monolayer in vacuum, absorbing πα ≈ 2.3% of light, from visible to infrared.

Here, α is the fine-structure constant. This is a consequence of the “unusual low-energy electronic structure of monolayer graphene that features electron and hole conical bands meeting each other at the Dirac point… [which] is qualitatively different from more common quadratic massive bands. Based on the Slonczewski–Weiss–McClure (SWMcC) band model of graphite, the interatomic distance, hopping value and frequency cancel when optical conductance is calculated using Fresnel equations in the thin-film limit.

Although confirmed experimentally, the measurement is not precise enough to improve on other techniques for determining the fine-structure constant. Multi-Parametric Surface Plasmon Resonance was used to characterize both thickness and refractive index of chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD)-grown graphene films.

The measured refractive index and extinction coefficient values at 670 nm (6.7×10−7 m) wavelength are 3.135 and 0.897, respectively. The thickness was determined as 3.7Å from a 0.5mm area, which agrees with 3.35Å reported for layer-to-layer carbon atom distance of graphite crystals. The method can be further used also for real-time label-free interactions of graphene with organic and inorganic substances.

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Furthermore, the existence of unidirectional surface plasmons in the nonreciprocal graphene-based gyrotropic interfaces has been demonstrated theoretically. By efficiently controlling the chemical potential of graphene, the unidirectional working frequency can be continuously tunable from THz to near-infrared and even visible.

 Particularly, the unidirectional frequency bandwidth can be 1– 2 orders of magnitude larger than that in metal under the same magnetic field, which arises from the superiority of extremely small effective electron mass in graphene.

SiLC Technologies Announces Eyeonic Trace Laser Line Scanner Business Wire (Press Release) 18:30 

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Microchips ,TechInnovation ,ChipTechnology ,MicrochipManufacturing ,Electronics ,FutureOfTech ,Semiconductors ,TechTrends ,DigitalTransformation ,SmartDevices ,IoT ,AI ,WearableTech ,TechRevolution ,Engineering ,TechTalk ,CircuitDesign ,SiliconValley ,ComputerScience ,Gadgets

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