Genetic Risk For Anorexia May Begin Outside The Brain

A new genetic study reveals that individuals with severe anorexia nervosa are nearly four times more likely to carry rare, damaging mutations in PLIN4, a gene primarily expressed in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle rather than the central nervous system. The discovery challenges the longstanding assumption that anorexia is purely a psychiatric or brain-based condition, highlighting peripheral metabolic dysfunction in lipid storage as a key biological driver………Continue reading…

By: Bethany Mauger

Source:  Neuroscience News

.

Critics:

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by attempts to lose weight by way of starvation. A person with anorexia may exhibit a number of signs and symptoms, the type and severity of which may vary, or be present without being readily apparent. Although anorexia is often recognized by physical indicators, it is a mental disorder that can occur at any body weight; in cases where body mass index (BMI) remains at a healthy level in adults, but other symptoms are present, the diagnosis may be atypical anorexia nervosa instead.

Anorexia, and the associated malnutrition from self-imposed starvation, causes complications in every major organ system in the body. It can cause permanent changes in the brain due to a lack of essential nutrients in the body. Hypokalemia, a drop in the level of potassium in the blood, is a sign of anorexia: a significant drop in potassium can cause abnormal heart rhythms, constipation, fatigue, muscle damage, and paralysis.

Interoception involves the conscious and unconscious sense of the internal state of the body, having an important role in homeostasis and regulation of emotions. Aside from noticeable physiological dysfunction, interoceptive deficits also prompt individuals with anorexia to concentrate on distorted perceptions of multiple elements of their body image. This exists in both people with anorexia and in healthy individuals, due to impairment in interoceptive sensitivity and interoceptive awareness.

Aside from weight loss and external appearance, people with anorexia may also report abnormal bodily functions, such as indistinct feelings of fullness.^[56] This is due to miscommunication between internal signals of the body and the brain. Due to impaired interoceptive sensitivity, powerful cues of fullness may be detected prematurely in highly sensitive individuals, which add to decreased calorie consumption and generate anxiety surrounding food intake in anorexia patients.

People with anorexia also report difficulty identifying and describing their emotional feelings, and an inability to distinguish emotions from bodily sensations in general (known asalexithymia), likely due to the miscommunication of signals within the body. Interoceptive awareness and emotion are deeply intertwined. Anorexia patients also exhibit emotional regulation difficulties that ignite emotionally-cued eating behaviors, such as restricting food or excessive exercising.

Impaired interoceptive sensitivity and interoceptive awareness can lead anorexia patients to adapt distorted interpretations of weight gain that are cued by physical sensations related to digestion (e.g. fullness). Combined, these interoceptive and emotional elements could together trigger maladaptive and negatively reinforced behavioral responses that contribute to the maintenance of anorexia.

In addition to metacognition, people with anorexia also have difficulty with social cognition, including interpreting others’ emotions and demonstrating empathy. Abnormal interoceptive awareness and interoceptive sensitivity shown through all of these examples have been observed so frequently in anorexia that they have become key characteristics of the illness.

Both prenatal and perinatal obstetric complications may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as preterm birth, maternal anemia, diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental infarction, and neonatal heart abnormalities. Neonatal complications may also have an influence on harm avoidance, one of the personality traits associated with the development of anorexia.

Neuroendocrine dysregulation—the altered signaling of peptides that facilitate communication between the gut, brain and adipose tissue, such as ghrelin, leptin, neuropeptide Y and orexin—may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa by disrupting regulation of hunger and satiety. People with gastrointestinal diseases may be more at risk of developing disorders of eating practices than the general population, principally with restrictive eating disturbances.

An association of anorexia with celiac disease has been found. Individuals with good dietary management may develop anxiety, food aversion, and eating disorders because of concerns around cross contamination of their foods. Some authors suggest that medical professionals should evaluate the presence of unrecognized celiac disease in all people with an eating disorder, especially if they present any gastrointestinal symptoms .

Such as decreased appetite, abdominal pain, bloating, distension, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, weight loss, or growth failure. It is also recommended to routinely ask celiac patients about weight or body shape concerns, and dieting or vomiting for weight control to evaluate the possible presence of an eating disorder, especially in women.

Sobbing private schoolgirl who killed biker with her Mercedes avoids jail after judge is told that she has anorexia, bulimia, suicidal thoughts and that she has destroyed her UnitedHealth exec mother’s finances

GLP-1 Drugs and Anorexia: How Telehealth Loopholes Are Endangering the Most Vulnerable Patients

Unexpected Anorexia Link Surfaces In Fat-Storage Gene

Joe Burrow’s girlfriend Olivia Ponton reveals battle with anorexia

5d

Mum issues warning to other parents after losing son to rare eating disorder Arfid

Joe Burrow’s girlfriend Olivia Ponton reveals battle with anorexia

5d

Kelly Osbourne shares health update as she clarifies eating disorders claims

5d

Eating disorder ‘stole my spark and personality’

.

,Genetic ,Anorexia ,MentalHealthAwareness ,BodyPositivity ,EatingDisorders ,HealthJourney ,GeneticResearch ,AnorexiaAwareness ,MentalHealthMatters ,GeneticFactors ,RecoveryIsPossible ,Wellness ,SelfLove ,HealthCommunity ,FightAgainstAnorexia ,AnorexiaRecovery ,GeneticInfluence ,SupportAndRecovery ,HopeInRecovery

 

Share this:

• More

Customize buttons

Leave a Reply

marketingscoopsEdit profileLog out

Previous Post
The Language You Use With AI Decides Which Brands Exist

4 Supplements You Should Never Take With Blood Pressure Medications

Viktoriya Skorikova / Getty Images

Many people take supplements to target certain health goals. An unintended effect of taking some of those supplements could be that they interact with medications used to lower your blood pressure, leading to health risks. Here are four supplements that could potentially interact with blood pressure medication. Ginseng (Panax ginseng; Panax quinquefolius L.) is an herb with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. There are several types of ginseng, and the herb is used in traditional medicine to manage several health conditions………Continue reading..

By: Kirstyn Hill, PharmD, MPH

Source: Health

.

Critics:

Protein-containing supplements, either ready-to-drink or as powders to be mixed into water, are marketed as aids to people recovering from illness or injury, those hoping to thwart the sarcopenia of old age, to athletes who believe that strenuous physical activity increases protein requirements, to people hoping to lose weight while minimizing muscle loss, i.e., conducting a protein-sparing modified fast, and to people who want to increase muscle size for performance and appearance. 

Whey protein is a popular ingredient, but products may also incorporate casein, soy, pea, hemp or rice protein. A meta-analysis found a moderate degree of evidence in favor of whey protein supplements use as a safe and effective adjunct to an athlete’s training and recovery, including benefits for endurance, average power, muscle mass, and reduced perceived exercise intensity.

According to US and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake guidelines, the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight. The recommendation is for sedentary and lightly active people. Scientific reviews can conclude that a high protein diet, when combined with exercise, will increase muscle mass and strength, or conclude the opposite.

The International Olympic Committee recommends protein intake targets for both strength and endurance athletes at about 1.2–1.8 g/kg body mass per day. One review proposed a maximum daily protein intake of approximately 25% of energy requirements, i.e., approximately 2.0 to 2.5 g/kg. The same protein ingredients marketed as dietary supplements can be incorporated into meal replacement and medical food products, but those are regulated and labeled differently from supplements.

In the United States, “meal replacement” products are foods and are labeled as such. These typically contain protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. There may be content claims such as “good source of protein”, “low fat” or “lactose free”. Medical foods, also nutritionally complete, are designed to be used while a person is under the care of a physician or other licensed healthcare professional. Liquid medical food products – for example, Ensure – are available in regular and high protein versions.

Proteins are chains of amino acids. Nine of these proteinogenic amino acids are considered essential for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. Recommended intakes, expressed as milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day, have been established. Other amino acids may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions.

Amino acids, individually and in combinations, are sold as dietary supplements. The claim for supplementing with the branched-chain amino acids leucine, valine and isoleucine is for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. A review of the literature concluded this claim was unwarranted. In elderly people, supplementation with just leucine resulted in a modest (0.99 kg) increase in lean body mass.

 The non-essential amino acid arginine, consumed in sufficient amounts, is thought to act as a donor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. A review confirmed blood pressure lowering. Taurine, a popular dietary supplement ingredient with claims made for sports performance, is technically not an amino acid. It is synthesized in the body from the amino acid cysteine. This section is an excerpt from Bodybuilding supplement.

Bodybuilding supplements are dietary supplements commonly used by those involved in bodybuilding, weightlifting, mixed martial arts, and athletics for the purpose of facilitating an increase in lean body mass. Bodybuilding supplements may contain ingredients that are advertised to increase a person’s muscle, body weight, athletic performance, and decrease a person’s percent body fat for desired muscle definition.

Among the most widely used are high protein drinks, pre workout blends, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), glutamine, arginine, essential fatty acids, creatine, HMB, whey protein, ZMA, and weight loss products. Supplements are sold either as single ingredient preparations or in the form of “stacks” – proprietary blends of various supplements marketed as offering synergistic advantages.

Fish oil is a commonly used fatty acid supplement because it is a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Fatty acids are strings of carbon atoms, having a range of lengths. If links are all single (C−C), then the fatty acid is called saturated; with one double bond (C=C), it is called monounsaturated; if there are two or more double bonds (C=C=C), it is called polyunsaturated. Only two fatty acids, both polyunsaturated, are considered essential to be obtained from the diet, as the others are synthesized in the body. The “essential” fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid.

ALA can be elongated in the body to create other omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plant oils, particularly seed and nut oils, contain ALA. Food sources of EPA and DHA are oceanic fish, whereas dietary supplement sources include fish oil, krill oil and marine algae extracts. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) identifies 250 mg/day for a combined total of EPA and DHA as Adequate Intake, with a recommendation that women pregnant or lactating consume an additional 100 to 200 mg/day of DHA.

In the United States and Canada are Adequate Intakes for ALA and LA over various stages of life, but there are no intake levels specified for EPA and/or DHA. Supplementation with EPA and/or DHA does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease. Furthermore, studies of fish oil supplements have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.

In 2017, the American Heart Association issued a science advisory stating that it could not recommend use of omega-3 fish oil supplements for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease or stroke, although it reaffirmed supplementation for people who have a history of coronary heart disease.

Manufacturers have begun to include long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) into their formula milk for newborns, however, a 2017 review found that supplementation with DHA and AA does not appear to be harmful or beneficial to formula-fed infants.

Dietary supplements can be manufactured using intact sources or extracts from plants, animals, algae, fungi or lichens, including such examples as ginkgo biloba, curcumin, cranberry, St. John’s wort, ginseng, resveratrol, glucosamine and collagen. Products bearing promotional claims of health benefits are sold without requiring a prescription in pharmacies, supermarkets, specialist shops, military commissaries, buyers clubs, direct selling organizations, and the internet.

 While most of these products have a long history of use in herbalism and various forms of traditional medicine, concerns exist about their actual efficacy, safety and consistency of quality. Canada has published a manufacturer and consumer guide describing quality, licensing, standards, identities, and common contaminants of natural products.

In 2019, sales of herbal supplements just in the United States alone were $9.6 billion, with the market growing at approximately 8.6% per year, with cannabidiol and mushroom product sales as the highest. Italy, Germany, and Eastern European countries were leading consumers of botanical supplements in 2016, with European Union market growth forecast to be $8.7 billion by 2020.

Fish Oil Supplements Might Help Prevent Cancer HealthDay 14:40 

Cdsco may regulate health supplements to stem unapproved claims by firms The Times of India 22:51 Mon, 04 Nov 

Professor Mohammed Zariwala for Vitafoods Insights on translating the science behind supplements to gain consumer trust University of Westminster 19:42 Mon, 04 Nov 

Statista: Poland leads world in taking supplements Warsaw Business Journal 17:48 Mon, 04 Nov 

These are the supplements you should take for flu season The Independent 17:25 Mon, 04 Nov 

Professor Mohammed Zariwala for Vitafoods Insight on translating the science behind supplements to gain consumer trust University of Westminster 17:19 Mon, 04 Nov 

Across the Nutraverse: New Jersey attempted restrictions, France’s new supplements platform, and natural product regulation in NZ NutraIngredients.com 15:41 Mon, 04 Nov 

Should Teens Use Protein Supplements? The Good Men Project 14:03 Mon, 04 Nov 

Multivitamin supplements are little more than expensive placebos The Irish Times 13:46 Mon, 04 Nov 

PharmaNutra Expands Product Line with Innovative Supplements TipRanks 11:55 Mon, 04 Nov 

.

Supplements ,HealthJourney ,Wellness ,Nutrition ,FitnessGoals ,HealthyLiving ,NaturalSupplements ,SupplementsForHealth ,BoostYourHealth ,WellnessWarrior ,FitnessMotivation ,HealthyChoices ,Superfoods ,BalancedDiet ,NutritionalSupplements ,Vitamins ,OrganicSupplements ,HolisticHealth ,LifestyleChange

Share this:

• More

Customize buttons

Leave a Reply

Write a comment...

Previous Post
Mathematicians Can’t Make Sense of How OpenAI’s Agents Solved One of the Toughest Math Problems Because The AI’s “Proof” Is Borderline Incomprehensible