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Addiction can present itself in a person in many different forms. Whether it’s an addiction to drugs, gambling, food, or alcohol, to achieve long-term sobriety, it is important to adopt healthy habits for recovery. There are many ways to adjust your life after rehab and this article will advise healthy habits to adopt when going through addiction recovery. Exercise is a great way to boost physical and mental health.….Continue reading….
Source: AnaTreatmentCenters
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Critics:
Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behaviour that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use often alters brain function in ways that perpetuate craving, and weakens (but does not completely negate) self-control.
This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as a brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocial as well as neurobiological (and thus involuntary) factors that are implicated in addiction’s development. Classic signs of addiction include compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, preoccupation with substances or behavior, and continued use despite negative consequences.
Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward),coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Examples of drug (or more generally, substance) addictions include alcoholism, marijuana addiction, amphetamine addiction, cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction, opioid addiction, and eating or food addiction.
Alternatively, behavioral addictions may include gambling addiction, internet addiction, social media addiction, video game addiction and sexual addiction. The DSM-5 and ICD-10 only recognise gambling addictions as behavioural addictions, but the ICD-11 also recognises gaming addictions. Addiction” and “addictive behaviour” are polysemes denoting a category of mental disorders, of neuropsychological symptoms, or of merely maladaptive/harmful habits and lifestyles.
A common use of “addiction” in medicine is for neuropsychological symptoms denoting pervasive/excessive and intense urges to engage in a category of behavioural compulsions or impulses towards sensory rewards (e.g. alcohol, betel quid, drugs, sex, gambling, video gaming).
Addictive disorders or addiction disorders are mental disorders involving high intensities of addictions (as neuropsychological symptoms) that induce functional disabilities (i.e. limit subjects’ social/family and occupational activities); the two categories of such disorders are substance-use addictions and behavioural addictions.
However, there is no agreement on the exact definition of addiction in medicine. Indeed, Volkow et al. (2016) report that the DSM-5 defines addictions as the most severe degree of the addictive disorders, due to pervasive/excessive substance-use or behavioural compulsions/impulses. It is a definition that many scientific papers and reports use.
“Dependence” is also a polyseme denoting either neuropsychological symptoms or mental disorders. In the DSM-5, dependences differ from addictions and can even normally happen without addictions; besides, substance-use dependences are severe stages of substance-use addictions (i.e. mental disorders) involving withdrawal issues. In the ICD-11, “substance-use dependence” is a synonym of “substance-use addiction” (i.e. neuropsychological symptoms) that can but do not necessarily involve withdrawal issues.
Drug addiction, which belongs to the class of substance-related disorders, is a chronic and relapsing brain disorder that features drug seeking and drug abuse, despite their harmful effects. This form of addiction changes brain circuitry such that the brain’s reward system is compromised, causing functional consequences for stress management and self-control.Damage to the functions of the organs involved can persist throughout a lifetime and cause death if untreated.
Substances involved with drug addiction include alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, and even foods with high fat and sugar content. Addictions can begin experimentally in social contexts and can arise from the use of prescribed medications or a variety of other measures.
Drug addiction has been shown to work in phenomenological, conditioning (operant and classical), cognitive models, and the cue reactivity model. However, no one model completely illustrates substance abuse. Risk factors for addiction include:
Aggressive behavior (particularly in childhood)
Availability of substance
Community economic status
Experimentation
Epigenetics
Impulsivity (attentional, motor, or non-planning)
Lack of parental supervision
Lack of peer refusal skills
Mental disorders
Method substance is taken
Usage of substance in youth
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